| Challenges to established parties |
Abedi (2002) |
| Party System Compactness |
Alvarez and Nagler (2004) |
| The Activists Who Divide Us |
Amitai (2023) |
| The Spatial Structure of Party Competition |
Andrews and Money (2009) |
| Elite polarisation and voting turnout in Latin America |
Béjar et al. (2020) |
| Political polarisation and environmental attitudes |
Birch (2020) |
| The impact of party polarisation and postmaterialism on voter turnout |
Crepaz (1990) |
| Cleavage politics, polarisation and participation in Western Europe |
Borbáth et al. (2023) |
| Modeling ideological polarisation in democratic party systems |
Dalton (2021) |
| The Quantity and the Quality of Party Systems |
Dalton (2008) |
| Missing Links in Party-System Polarisation |
Curini and Hino (2012) |
| Party System Polarisation and Electoral Behavior |
Dassonneville and Çakır (2021) |
| Party-System Extremism in Majoritarian and Proportional Electoral Systems |
Dow (2011) |
| Parties Policy Programmes and the Dog that Didnt Bark |
Ezrow (2008) |
| Does voter polarisation induce party extremism? |
Dreyer and Bauer (2019) |
| The Variance Matters |
Ezrow (2007) |
| Centre Parties |
Hazan (1997) |
| The mobilising effect of political choice |
Hobolt and Hoerner (2019) |
| Party Polarisation and Mass Partisanship |
Lupu (2015) |
| Reflections |
Mair and Castles (1997) |
| Electoral Rule Disproportionality and Platform Polarisation |
Matakos et al. (2016) |
| Left-Right Polarisation In National Party Systems |
Sigelman and Yough (1978) |
| Party Systems and Government Stability |
Taylor and Herman (1971) |
| Affective polarisation in multiparty systems |
Wagner (2021) |
| Meaningful choices, political supply, and institutional effectiveness |
Wessels and Schmitt (2008) |