Use Cases of Measures
“How Do We Put the Country Back Together?” Mitigating Affective Polarization Through Mediated Intergroup Contact John J. Brooks, Christopher M. Dobmeier, Nathan Walter Mass Communication and Society (De)polarizing words: How elite rhetoric shapes affective polarization toward the radical right Esther Mary L Calvo Parliamentary Affairs A changing climate change climate? A meta-analysis of climate change attitudes and polarization in the Netherlands spanning four decades Anuschka Peelen, Jochem Tolsma Humanities and Social Sciences Communications A Group-Based Approach to Measuring Polarization I.D. Mehlhaff American Political Science Review A New Measure of Affective Polarization Nicolas Campos, Christopher Federico American Political Science Review A regional perspective to the study of affective polarisation Luca Bettarelli, Andres Reiljan, Emilie Van Haute European Journal of Political Research Affect, Not Ideology A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, Yphtach Lelkes Public Opinion Quarterly Affective Climate and Political Polarization: Identity, Ideology, and Support for Climate Policy Emily Huddart, Tony Silva, Parker Muzzerall Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie Affective partisan polarization, citizens’ attitudes, and political behavior in Swiss democracy Benjamin Jansen, Alois Stutzer Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics Affective polarisation and the sorting of policy preferences in multiparty systems Alexander Ryan, Royce Carroll, Hanna Bäck, Emma Renström West European Politics Affective Polarisation in Comparative and Longitudinal Perspective Diego Garzia, Frederico Ferreira da Silva, Simon Maye Public Opinion Quarterly Affective polarisation in multiparty systems Markus Wagner Electoral Studies Affective polarization and coalition signals Markus Wagner, Katrin Praprotnik Political Science Research and Methods Affective Polarization and Consensus Building Among Parliamentary Elites Leonardo Sánchez-Ferrer, Mariano Torcal American Behavioral Scientist Affective polarization and democratic erosion: Evidence from a context of weak partisanship Loreto Cox, Pedro Cubillos, Carmen Le Foulon Political Science Research and Methods Affective polarization and habits of political participation J.B. Phillips Electoral Studies Affective Polarization and Misinformation Belief Libby Jenke Political Behavior Affective polarization and strategic voting in Britain I. Down, K.-J. Han Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties Affective polarization and the salience of elections Enrique Hernández, Eva Anduiza, Guillem Rico Electoral Studies Affective polarization in a word: Open-ended and self-coded evaluations of partisan affect Spencer Kiesel, Sharif Amlani PLOS ONE Affective polarization in Europe Markus Wagner European Political Science Review Affective Polarization towards Parties and Leaders, and Electoral Participation in 13 Parliamentary Democracies, 1980–2019 Frederico Ferreira da Silva, Diego Garzia Public Opinion Quarterly Affective polarization, political mistrust and populist attitudes Longitudinal evidence from Italy subtitle Danilo Serani Contemporary Italian Politics Affective, but not ideological, polarization increases tolerance for undemocratic behavior Jordi Muñoz, Francesc Amat, Albert Falcó-Gimeno, Marc Guinjoan, Toni Rodon European Political Science Review American Affective Polarization in Comparative Perspective Noam Gidron, James Adams, Will Horne Elements in American Politics An Introduction to the R Package Agrmt Didier Ruedin CRAN An unrequited conflict Affective polarisation among ruralites, suburbanites and urbanites in Switzerland Alina Zumbrunn West European Politics Bodenständige gegen Weltoffene? Lebensführung und Polarisierung in Deutschland Thomas Lux, Steffen Mau, Linus Westheuser KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie Breaking free from linear assumptions Lisa Janssen, Emma Turkenburg European Journal of Political Research Camps, not just parties The dynamic foundations of affective polarization in multi-party systems Ivo Bantel Electoral Studies Can’t We All Just Get Along? How Women MPs Can Ameliorate Affective Polarization in Western Publics James Adams, David Bracken, Noam Gidron, Will Horne, Diana Z. O’brien, Kaitlin Senk American Political Science Review Centre Parties Polarisation and Competition in European Parliamentary Democracies Reuven Y. Hazan Pinter : London Centre-Space Politics Party Behaviour in Multi-Party Systems Hans Keman The Politics of Problem-Solving in Postwar Democracies Challenges to established parties The effects of party system features on the electoral fortunes of anti-political-establishment parties Arim Abedi European Journal of Political Research Citizen Voices Reshaping Politics How Public Trust Shapes Party Polarization Solbi Kim Social Science Quarterly Cleavage politics, polarisation and participation in Western Europe Endre Borbáth, Swen Hutter, Arndt Leininger West European Politics Conflict or choice? The differential effects of elite incivility and ideological polarization on political support Erika van Elsas, Toine Fiselier Acta Politica Consequences of affective polarization Avoidance, intolerance and support for violence in the United Kingdom and Norway Lars Erik Berntzen, Haylee Kelsall, Eelco Harteveld European Journal of Political Research Cool Citizens? How Affectively Unpolarized Citizens View and Participate in Democracy Peter Luca Versteegen, Joseph B. Phillips, Lilliana Mason Political Behavior Cross-Country Trends in Affective Polarization Levi Boxell, Matthew Gentzkow, Jesse M. Shapiro The Review of Economics and Statistics Cross-Partisan Conversation Reduced Affective Polarization for Republicans and Democrats Even after the Contentious 2020 Election Erin L. Rossiter, Taylor N. Carlson The Journal of Politics Cross-partisan discussions reduced political polarization between UK voters, but less so when they disagreed De Jong, Jona F Communications Psychology Defending the Status Quo or Seeking Change? Electoral Outcomes, Affective Polarization, and Support for Referendums Bjarn Eck, Emilien Paulis British Journal of Political Science Determinants of political polarisation in the context of democratic renewal: A study of public attitudes in Poland Katarzyna Kochlöffel, Pelin Ayan Musil, Jan Kovář, Petr Kratochvíl, Zdeněk Sychra Third World Quarterly Development and Validation of the Affective Polarization Scale B. McMurtrie, M. Philipp, R. Hebden, M. Williams International Review of Social Psychology Dimensions of polarization, realignment and electoral participation in Europe. The mobilizing power of the cultural dimension Morgan Le Corre Juratic European Journal of Political Research Divided by Europe: Affective polarisation in the context of European elections Hyeonho Hahm, David Hilpert, Thomas König West European Politics Divided by the jab Affective polarisation based on COVID vaccination status Markus Wagner, Jakob-Moritz Eberl Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties Divided by the Vote Affective Polarization in the Wake of the Brexit Referendum Sara B. Hobolt, Thomas J. Leeper, James Tilley British Journal of Political Science Divided We Unite: The Nature of Partyism and the Role of Coalition Partnership in Europe H. Hahm, D. Hilpert, T. König American Political Science Review Do Affective Polarization and Populism Affect the Support for Holding Referendums? Marco Fölsch Politics and Governance Do voters polarise in response to elite dissensus on immigration? Alina Vrânceanu West European Politics Do Voters Polarize When Radical Parties Enter Parliament? Daniel Bischof, Markus Wagner American Journal of Political Science Does affective polarisation increase turnout? Evidence from Germany, The Netherlands and Spain Eelco Harteveld, Markus Wagner West European Politics Does Affective Polarization Undermine Democratic Norms or Accountability? Maybe Not David E. Broockman, Joshua L. Kalla, Sean J. Westwood American Journal of Political Science Does Austerity Cause Polarization? Evelyne Hübscher, Thomas Sattler, Markus Wagner British Journal of Political Science Does Contact Reduce Affective Polarization? Field Evidence from Germany Adrian Blattner, Martin Koenen Working Paper Does external threat bring the nation together? Evidence from the United States Nicholas Sambanis, Amber Hye-Yon Lee American Journal of Political Science Does Left/Right Structure Party Positions on European Integration? Liesbet Hooghe, Gary Marks, Carole J. Wilson Comparative Political Studies Does political polarisation undermine democratic accountability? Evidence from 28 European democracies Veronika Patkós, Bendegúz Plesz West European Politics Does Populism Fuel Affective Polarization? An Individual-Level Panel Data Analysis J. Pérez-Rajó Political Studies Does voter polarisation induce party extremism? The moderating role of abstention Philipp Dreyer, Johann Bauer West European Politics Economic Integration, Party Polarisation and Electoral Turnout Nils D. Steiner, Christian W. Martin West European Politics Election campaigns and the cyclical nature of emotions How politicians engage in affective polarization Patrik Öhberg, Felix Cassel Scandinavian Political Studies Election Outcomes and Affective Polarization in the United States Joseph B. Phillips, Seth B. Warner Political Research Quarterly Electoral Rule Disproportionality and Platform Polarisation Konstantinos Matakos, Orestis Troumpounis, Dimitrios Xefteris American Journal of Political Science Elite communication and affective polarization among voters Hanna Bäck, Royce Carroll, Emma Renström, Alexander Ryan Electoral Studies Elite Cooperation and Affective Polarization Markus Wagner, Eelco Harteveld Political Studies Elite polarisation and voting turnout in Latin America Sergio Béjar, Juan A. Moraes, Santiago López-Cariboni Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties Elite polarization, party extremity, and affective polarization Kevin K. Banda, John Cluverius Electoral Studies Exploring differences in affective polarization between the Nordic countries Alexander Ryan Scandinavian Political Studies Fear and Loathing across Party Lines New Evidence on Group Polarization Shanto Iyengar, Sean J. Westwood American Journal of Political Science Fear and loathing across party lines (also) in Europe Affective polarisation in European party systems Andres Reiljan European Journal of Political Research Fragmented foes Affective polarization in the multiparty context of the Netherlands Eelco Harteveld Electoral Studies From political conflict to partisan evaluations How citizens assess party ideology and competence in polarized elections Federico Vegetti Electoral Studies Gender and affective polarization Kyung Joon Han European Journal of Political Research Globalization and the transformation of the national political space Six European countries compared Hanspeter Kriesi, Edgar Grande, Romain Lachat, Martin Dolezal, Simon Bornschier, Timotheos Frey European Journal of Political Research Group-based public opinion polarisation in multi-party systems Denise Traber, Lukas F. Stoetzer, Tanja Burri West European Politics Growing polarisation Hilde Coffé, Sam Crawley, Josh Givens West European Politics Has Trust in the European Parliament Polarized? Paul C. Bauer, Davide Morisi Socius Hate Trumps Love: The Impact of Political Polarization on Social Preferences Eugen Dimant Management Science How do masses react to party polarization? Limited effect of party polarization on mass polarization Semih Çakır European Journal of Political Research How Does Temporary Labor Migration Affect Voting Behavior and Political Polarization? Evidence From the USA Dariia Mykhailyshyna Economics & Politics How issue opinions relate to individual-level affective polarization: Exploring the psychological mechanisms of affective polarization regarding immigration in a multi-party setting Kim Strandberg, Jesper Eklund, Janne Berg, Janette Huttunen, Daniel Kawecki, Marina Lindell International Political Science Review How party polarisation exacerbates the link between democratic deficit and populist voting Evidence from Europe subtitle Frédéric Gonthier West European Politics How Political Overconfidence Fuels Affective Polarization in Cross-cutting Discussions Han Lin, Yonghwan Kim Communication Research Ideological identity, issue-based ideology and bipolar affective polarization in multiparty systems The cases of Argentina, Chile, Italy, Portugal and Spain Josep M. Comellas, Mariano Torcal Electoral Studies Ideological Polarization and Far-Right Parties in Europe Russell J. Dalton, Carl C. Berning Rechtspopulismus in Deutschland. Wahlverhalten in Zeiten politischer Polarisierung Implications of Pro- and Counterattitudinal Information Exposure for Affective Polarization: Partisan Media Exposure and Affective Polarization R. Kelly Garrett, Shira Dvir Gvirsman, Benjamin K. Johnson, Yariv Tsfati, Rachel Neo, Aysenur Dal Human Communication Research Institutional design and polarization Do consensus democracies fare better in fighting polarization than majoritarian democracies? Kamil Bernaerts, Benjamin Blanckaert, Didier Caluwaerts Democratization Intergroup contact reduces affective polarization but not among strong party identifiers Jens Peter Frølund Thomsen, Anna Håland Thomsen Scandinavian Political Studies Interpersonal political discussion and affective polarization: Comparative evidence from 41 elections and five panel studies Mariano Torcal, Paul A. Beck Electoral Studies Is Polarization a Myth? Alan I. Abramowitz, Kyle L. Saunders The Journal of Politics Is Protest Only Negative? Examining the Effect of Emotions and Affective Polarization on Protest Behaviour L. Bettarelli, C. Close, E. van Haute Politics and Governance Left-Right Polarisation In National Party Systems A Cross-National Analysis Lee Sigelman, Syng Nam Yough Comparative Political Studies Meaningful choices, political supply, and institutional effectiveness Bernhard Wessels, Hermann Schmitt Electoral Studies Measuring Agreement in Ordered Rating Scales Cees Van der Eijk Quality and Quantity Measuring partisan polarization with partisan differences in satisfaction with the government The introduction of a new comparative approach Veronika Patkós Quality & Quantity Misinformation, Narratives, and Intergroup Attitudes: Evidence from India Ursula Daxecker, Hanne Fjelde, Neeraj Prasad The Journal of Politics Missing Links in Party-System Polarisation How Institutions and Voters Matter Luigi Curini, Airo Hino The Journal of Politics Modeling ideological polarisation in democratic party systems Russell J. Dalton Electoral Studies Multidimensional Party Polarization in Europe: Cross-Cutting Divides and Effective Dimensionality Jelle Koedam, Garret Binding, Marco R. Steenbergen British Journal of Political Science On the relationship between party polarisation and citizen polarisation Mert Moral, Robin E Best Party Politics Overlapping polarization On the contextual determinants of the interplay between ideological and affective polarization Pedro Riera, Amuitz Garmendia Madariaga Electoral Studies Parties and party systems A framework for analysis Giovanni Sartori Sage Publications Parties` Policy Programmes and the Dog that Didn't Bark No Evidence that Proportional Systems Promote Extreme Party Positioning Lawrence Ezrow British Journal of Political Science Partisan Stereotyping and Polarization in Brazil David Samuels, Fernando Mello, Cesar Zucco Latin American Politics and Society Party Polarisation and Mass Partisanship A Comparative Perspective Noam Lupu Political Behavior Party System Compactness Measurement and Consequences R. Michael Alvarez, Jonathan Nagler Political Analysis Party System Polarisation and Electoral Behavior Ruth Dassonneville, Semih Çakır Oxford University Press Party Systems and Government Stability Michael Taylor, V. M. Herman The American Political Science Review Party-System Extremism in Majoritarian and Proportional Electoral Systems Jay K. Dow British Journal of Political Science Party-System Polarization and Individual Perceptions of Party Differences Two Divergent Effects on Turnout Sigrid Rossteutscher, Lars-Christopher Stövsand Government and Opposition Patterns of Affective Polarisation toward Parties and Leaders across the Democratic World Andres Reiljan, Diego Garzia, Frederico Ferreira Da Silva, Alexander H. Trechsel American Political Science Review Perception of public opinion on global warming and the role of opinion deviance Adina T. Abeles, Lauren C. Howe, Jon A. Krosnick, Bo MacInnis Journal of Environmental Psychology Polarisation, identity and affect Conceptualising affective polarisation in multi-party systems Lena Röllicke Electoral Studies Polarization and correct voting in U.S. presidential elections Douglas R. Pierce, Richard R. Lau Electoral Studies Polarization and ideological congruence between parties and supporters in Europe Royce Carroll, Hiroki Kubo Public Choice Polarization of climate politics results from partisan sorting T.H.Y. Chen, A. Salloum, A. Gronow, T. Ylä-Anttila, M. Kivelä Global Environmental Change Polarization, Number of Parties, and Voter Turnout Explaining Turnout in 26 OECD Countries Allan M. Wilford Social Science Quarterly Polarized Equality? Ideological and Affective Divides Over Gender Equality in Europe Cyrill Otteni Social Science Quarterly Political polarisation and environmental attitudes A cross-national analysis Sarah Birch Environmental Politics Political polarisation of climate-policy-relevant attitudes: Longitudinal evidence from Britain Gidon Cohen, Nick Vivyan West European Politics Political Polarization and Cabinet Stability in Multiparty Systems A Social Networks Analysis of European Parliaments, 1945–98 Zeev Maoz, Zeynep Somer-Topcu British Journal of Political Science Politically Contaminated Clothes, Chocolates, and Charities: Distancing From Neutral Products Liked by Out-Group or In-Group Partisans Arvid Erlandsson, Artur Nilsson, Jennifer Rosander, Rebecka Persson, Leaf Van Boven Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Politicizing Europe in the National Electoral Arena A Comparative Analysis of Five West European Countries Swen Hutter, Edgar Grande Journal of Common Market Studies Populist attitudes, cleavage identification, and polarization in Austria and Germany Sebastian Jungkunz, Marc Helbling The Ideational Approach to Populism, Volume II Populist radical right parties and mass polarization in the Netherlands Bruno Castanho Silva European Political Science Review Protecting the Ingroup? Authoritarianism, Immigration Attitudes, and Affective Polarization E.A. Renström, H. Bäck, R. Carroll Frontiers in Political Science Reassessing Extremism, Polarization, and Constraint with Continuous Policy Questions Anthony Fowler Political Behavior Reflections Revisiting expert judgements Peter Mair, Francis G. Castles European Journal of Political Research Social trust and affective polarization in Spain (2014–19) Mariano Torcal, Zoe A. Thomson Electoral Studies Sweet victory, bitter defeat The amplifying effects of affective and perceived ideological polarization on the Winner–Loser gap in political support Lisa Janssen European Journal of Political Research The (Political) Show Must Go On The Effects of Political Media and Family Relationships on Affective Polarization Makenzie Schroeder, Andrea Figueroa-Caballero Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly The Activists Who Divide Us A Cross-Country Analysis of Party Activists’ Influence on Polarisation and Representation Yair Amitai Comparative Political Studies The Bipolar Voter On the Effects of Actual and Perceived Party Polarization on Voter Turnout in European Multiparty Democracies Mert Moral Political Behavior The cost of a divided America: An experimental study into destructive behavior Wladislaw Mill, John Morgan Experimental Economics The Downsian roots of affective polarization Carlos Algara, Roi Zur Electoral Studies THE HUNGARIAN EU ACCESSION REFERENDUM 12 APRIL 2003 Brigid Fowler The impact of party polarisation and postmaterialism on voter turnout Markus M. L. Crepaz European Journal of Political Research The Left-Right Semantics and the New Politics Cleavage Herbert Kitschelt, Staf Hellemans Comparative Political Studies The Long Shadow of Partisan Hostility: How Affective Polarization Hinders Democracies' Ability to Mitigate Climate Change Don Grant, Andrew Jorgenson, Wesley Longhofer, Ion Bodgan (“Bodi”) Vasi American Sociological Review The mobilising effect of political choice Sara B. Hobolt, Julian M. Hoerner European Journal of Political Research The Mobilizing Effect of Party System Polarization. Evidence From Europe F. Ellger Comparative Political Studies The Politics of Interpersonal Trust and Reciprocity An Experimental Approach Ryan E. Carlin, Gregory J. Love Political Behavior The promise and pitfalls of cross-partisan conversations for reducing affective polarization Erik Santoro, David E. Broockman Science Advances The Quantity and the Quality of Party Systems Party System Polarisation, Its Measurement, and Its Consequences Russell J. Dalton Comparative Political Studies The relationship between affective polarisation and democratic backsliding Comparative evidence Yunus Emre Orhan Democratization The Spatial Structure of Party Competition Party Dispersion within a Finite Policy Space Josephine T. Andrews, Jeannette Money British Journal of Political Science The tie that divides Cross-national evidence of the primacy of partyism Sean J. Westwood, Shanto Iyengar, Stefaan Walgrave, Rafael Leonisio, Luis Miller, Oliver Strijbis European Journal of Political Research The Two-Way Effects of Populism on Affective Polarization B. Davis, J. Goodliffe, K. Hawkins Comparative Political Studies The unifying magic of the unwaved flag Maria Nordbrandt, Gina Gustavsson, Karen N. Breidahl European Journal of Political Research The Variance Matters How Party Systems Represent the Preferences of Voters Lawrence Ezrow The Journal of Politics Tribalism in America: Behavioral Experiments on Affective Polarization in the Trump Era Sam Whitt, Alixandra B. Yanus, Brian McDonald, John Graeber, Mark Setzler, Gordon Ballingrud, Martin Kifer Journal of Experimental Political Science Two Tales of Polarization? Áron Hajnal Political Studies Two Tales of Polarization? How Affective and Ideological Polarization Influence Political Corruption—A Panel Analysis of 153 Countries Between 2000 and 2021 Áron Hajnal Political Studies Understanding Polarization Meanings, Measures, and Model Evaluation Aaron Bramson, Patrick Grim, Daniel J. Singer, William J. Berger, Graham Sack, Steven Fisher, Carissa Flocken, Bennett Holman Philosophy of Science Validating the feeling thermometer as a measure of partisan affect in multi-party systems Noam Gidron, Lior Sheffer, Guy Mor Electoral Studies Vertical vs horizontal affective polarization Disentangling feelings towards elites and voters J. Areal, E. Harteveld Electoral Studies Voter Outreach Campaigns Can Reduce Affective Polarization among Implementing Political Activists Joshua L. Kalla, David E. Broockman American Political Science Review Voting Advice Applications and Their Impact on Ideological and Affective Polarization Maxime Walder, Jan Fivaz, Daniel Schwarz Politics and Governance We Need to Talk Matthew S. Levendusky, Dominik A. Stecula Cambridge Elements: Experimental Political Science What can De-Polarize the Polarizers? Affective Polarization for Party Activists Before and After Elections Costin Ciobanu, Dani Sandu Working Paper What Can Depolarize the Polarizers? Affective Polarization for Party Activists Before and After Elections C. Ciobanu, D. Sandu Comparative Political Studies What Do We Measure When We Measure Affective Polarization across Countries? Thomas Tichelbaecker, Noam Gidron, Will Horne, James Adams Public Opinion Quarterly What Do We Measure When We Measure Affective Polarization? James N Druckman, Matthew S. Levendusky Public Opinion Quarterly What explains elite affective polarization? Evidence from Canadian politicians Jack Lucas, Lior Sheffer Political Psychology What polarizes citizens? An explorative analysis of 817 attitudinal items from a nonrandom online panel in Germany C. Teney, G. Pietrantuono, T. Wolfram PLoS ONE When Disagreement Becomes Uncivil on Social Media The Role of Passive Receiving and Active Expression of Incivility in Influencing Political Polarization Hsuan-Ting Chen, Yunya Song, Jing Guo Communication Research When polarised feelings towards parties spread to voters The role of ideological distance and social sorting in Spain Josep Maria Comellas Bonsfills Electoral Studies Who Dislikes Whom? Affective Polarization between Pairs of Parties in Western Democracies Noam Gidron, James Adams, Will Horne British Journal of Political Science Why can't we be friends? Untangling conjoined polarization in America Julie M. Norman, Beniamino Green Political Psychology

Research publication

Centre-Space Politics

Party Behaviour in Multi-Party Systems

Hans Keman

The Politics of Problem-Solving in Postwar Democracies

View publication

Abstract

Party systems in continental European polities represent an institutional arrangement which directs and influences party behaviour. Parties, although considered throughout this book as crucial actors in transforming societal conflicts into political consensus, cannot be analysed in isolation. Party behaviour should be understood as a result of the interactions with other parties within a polity. A party system can be identified by a number of specific (national) features that consist of a set of ‘rules’ directing the patterns of interaction. From perusing the literature on party systems it is clear that — apart from many cross-national differences that are observed — there are many striking similarities between them (Von Beyme, 1985, p. 256ff.; Lane and Ersson, 1994, p. 154ff.; Daalder, 1983; Smith, 1990).