Datasets to Measure Polarization

CHES

Chapel Hill Expert Surveys

CSES

Comparative Study of Electoral Systems

EB

Eurobarometer

EES

European Election Studies

ESS

European Social Survey

MARPOR

Manifesto

Other

Other datasets

WVS

World Value Survey

Comparative Study of Electoral Systems


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Description

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) is a collaborative program of election research teams from around the world. The CSES covers a wide range of topics with a focus on the behavior and attitudes of respondents at times of national elections, such as voting and turnout. CSES designs a core questionnaire that is regularly included in many academic national election surveys.

Launched in 1996, the CSES has included five modules to date, covering topics such as citizens’ views of political elites, representation and accountability, and the impact of electoral institutions. With regard to polarization, the CSES questionnaire includes several items that can be used to measure ideological polarization at the elite and mass levels and affective polarization at the mass level.

Items

Items that can be found in this dataset:

Measures

Measures that use this dataset:

MeasurePolarizationLevel
APIaffectivemass
Distanceaffectivemass
Spreadaffectivemass
Party-System Extremismideologicalelite
Polarization Indexideologicalelite, mass
SDideologicalelite, mass
Varianceideologicalelite

Visualization

Use cases

Publications that use this dataset:

TitleAuthors
Can’t We All Just Get Along? How Women MPs Can Ameliorate Affective Polarization in Western PublicsAdams et al. (2023)
The Activists Who Divide UsAmitai (2023)
Camps, not just partiesBantel (2023)
A regional perspective to the study of affective polarisationBettarelli et al. (2023)
Cleavage politics, polarisation and participation in Western EuropeBorbáth et al. (2023)
Missing Links in Party-System PolarisationCurini and Hino (2012)
Modeling ideological polarisation in democratic party systemsDalton (2021)
The Quantity and the Quality of Party SystemsDalton (2008)
Party System Polarisation and Electoral BehaviorDassonneville and Çakır (2021)
Party-System Extremism in Majoritarian and Proportional Electoral SystemsDow (2011)
Fragmented foesHarteveld (201)
Affective polarization and the salience of electionsHernández et al. (2021)
The mobilising effect of political choiceHobolt and Hoerner (2019)
Party Polarisation and Mass PartisanshipLupu (2015)
The Bipolar VoterMoral (2017)
On the relationship between party polarisation and citizen polarisationMoral and Best (2023)
The relationship between affective polarisation and democratic backslidingOrhan (2022)
Fear and loathing across party lines (also) in EuropeReiljan (2020)
Patterns of Affective Polarisation toward Parties and Leaders across the Democratic WorldReiljan et al. (2023)
Overlapping polarizationRiera and Madariaga (2023)
Party-System Polarization and Individual Perceptions of Party DifferencesRossteutscher and Stövsand (2024)
Exploring differences in affective polarization between the Nordic countriesRyan (2023)
Affective polarisation in multiparty systemsWagner (2021)
Meaningful choices, political supply, and institutional effectivenessWessels and Schmitt (2008)